Early Buddhist Orders



Details of the early development of Buddhism are fragmentary at best and are difficult to reconstruct. The first detailed accounts recorded were by the Chineses pilgrims I-Tsing and Hsüan Tsang who visited India in the 7th century. Later detailed accounts by tibetan sources are unfortunately based on indirect sources and are therefore less reliable. In spite of these uncertaincies the following table was constructed is an attempt to try to consolidate these varying accounts.




Buddha Sakiyamuni (563-483 BCE)
        |
(Council of 500 Arhats in Rajgir ca. 483 BCE)
        |
(Council of 700 Arhants in Vaishālī ca. 383 or 373 BCE)
        |        |
        |        |_Vajjiputtaka
        |                |
        |                |_Dhammuttariyā (Those who elevate the Dharma)
        |                |_Bhadrayānika (Those who adhere to the Vehicle of the Wise)
        |                |_Candāgārika
        |                |_Sammitī
        |                |_Vajjiputtiya
        |
        |
(Council of 1000 monks at Pataliputra ca 346 BCE)
|        |
|        |
S       N
|        |
|        |_Mahāsāmghika/Ekavyavahārika (The great assembly)/(Those who hold to only one-considering samsāra and nirvāna as fictitious denominations)
|                |
|                |_Lokottaravādin (Kukkūtagirikas/?Kukkutika)(Those whose doctrines are based on supramundane views)-------------------------------7th century------>
|                |_Mūla-mahāsāmghika
|                |
|                |_Uttarashaila
|                |_Caityaka (Shailas)(Pūrvashailas)(?Caityashaila)
|                |        |
|                |        |_Pūrvashaila (dwell on the Eastern mountains) 2nd century BCE
|                |        |_Aparashaila (dwell on the Western mountains) 2nd century BCE (declared by Kanishta's Council as holding heretical views )
|                |
|                |_Gokulika (? Kaurukullaka?)
|                |        |_Pannatti
|                |        |_Bahulikā
|                |                |_Cetiya
|                |
|                |_Chaitika
|                |_Prajñaptivādin (Those who follow the doctrine of separation between real teaching and fictitious denomination) -------------7th century------>
|                |_Bahushrutīya (Those who have heard much)
|                |_Haimavata (Those who live on the snowy mountains)
|
|_Vibhajyavādin (Those who are concerned with distinctions)
        |
        |_Sthaviravāda (Those who follow the doctrine of the Elders)
        |        |
        |        |_Mūla-sthavira
        |        |_Mahāvihāravāsin----------??Theravada-------------------------------------------------------------------------7th century------>----------21st century------------------->
        |        |_Jetavanīya
        |        |_Abhayagirivāsin
        |
        |
        |
        |
        |_Sarvāstivādin--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7th century India------>
                |
                |_Mulasarvāstivādin---------------The Vinaya of this school is still used in the modern Vajrayana---------- 21th century
                |
                |_Dharmaguptaka (founded by Dharmagupta) -------------------------------------------------------------7th century-- outside of India ---->
                |        |
                |        |_Vinaya----------------------------------------------------------------7th century------------21st century----------> Shakya
                |                |
                |                |_Vinaya School--------------------------------------------------->Tao-shuan, T'ang Dynasty
                |
                |_Vātsiputrīya (Pudgalavāda) founded by Vātsīputra-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7th century----------------------->
                |        |_Dharmottarīka----------------------------------------------------------------------------(Champa Cochin)----7th century->|
                |        |_Bhadrāyanīya------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7th century (Indonesia)--->|
                |        |_Sannagarika (Those who live in the dense forest)
                |        |_Sammatīya
                |                |
                |                |_Avantaka------------------------------------------------------------------------7th century--(South India)---->
                |                |_Kaurukullaka-------------------------------------------------------------------------7th century Gujarat------->
                |
                |_Mahīshāsaka founded by Mahāshasaka------------------------7th century--- outside of India --->
                |        |_Dhammaguttika
                |        |_Sabbattha
                |                |_Kassapiyā (/Kāshyapīya (Suvarasaka/Suvarsa?) founded by Kāshyapa)------------------------------------------------------7th century --- outside of India --->
                |                        |_Samkantika
                |                                |_Suttavāda (Sūtravādin)
                |        
                |_ ca. BCE/CE Sautrāntika/Samkrāntivā/Samkrānti(ka/vada)/Dārstāntika (Those who accept only the Sūtras as authority)/(Those who consider that the five skandhas carry over from existence to existence)/-claim that the Abhidharma is not the words of the Buddha------>
                     |
                     |_?Tāmrashātīya (Samkrāntikas or Uttatraīyas/Uttararīya?) (founded by Tamrashata)
                     |
                     |_Vijñānavāda(in) (proponents of consciousness)
                          |
                          |_Cittamātra (Mind only)--(?Yogācara?)
                               |
                               |_Sākāravāda
                               |
                               |_Nirākāravāda






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